![]() However, though Ockham was excommunicated for apostasy, his philosophy was never officially condemned.William of Ockham was born in Ockham, Surrey in 1285 and joined the Franciscan order at an early age. ![]() "On June 6, 1328, Ockham was officially excommunicated for leaving Avignon without permission," and Ockham argued that John XXII was a heretic for attacking the doctrine of Apostolic poverty and the Rule of Saint Francis, which had been endorsed by previous popes. ![]() In return for protection and patronage Ockham wrote treatises that argued for emperor Louis to have supreme control over church and state in the Holy Roman Empire. After studying the works of John XXII and previous papal statements, Ockham agreed with the Minister General. This brought them into conflict with Pope John XXII.įearing imprisonment and possible execution, Ockham, Michael of Cesena and other Franciscan sympathizers fled Avignon on, and eventually took refuge in the court of the Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria – who was also engaged in dispute with the papacy, and became Ockham’s patron. ![]() (The most uncompromising Franciscans, known as spirituals, believed that Jesus and his apostles owned no personal property, and survived by begging and accepting the gifts of others). Michael of Cesena had asked Ockham to review arguments surrounding Apostolic poverty. A theological commission had been asked to review his Commentary on the Sentences, and it was during this that Ockham found himself involved in a different debate. The Franciscan Minister General, Michael of Cesena, had been summoned to Avignon, to answer charges of heresy. It is generally believed that these charges were levied by Oxford chancellor John Lutterell. For two years, he was confined to a Franciscan house, until he was condemned as a heretic in 1326.Īn alternative understanding, recently proposed by George Knysh, suggests that he was initially appointed in Avignon as a professor of philosophy in the Franciscan school, and that his disciplinary difficulties did not begin until 1327.Knysh, George, Biographical rectifications concerning Ockham’s Avignon period. In 1324, his commentary was condemned as unorthodox by a synod of bishops, and he was ordered to Avignon, France, to defend himself before a papal court. However, Ockham’s commentary was not well received by his colleagues, or by the church authorities. ISBN 0-8308-1505-8 William of Ockham was among these scholarly commentators. During the Middle Ages, theologian Peter Lombard’s Sentences (1150) had become a standard work of theology, and many ambitious theological scholars wrote commentaries on it.Roger Olson. His work in this period became the subject of controversy, and many scholars have thought that Ockham was summoned before the Papal court of Avignon in 1324 under charges of heresy. He was also known as the Doctor Invincibilis or "Unconquerable Teacher." Because of this, he acquired the byname Venerabilis Inceptor, or "Worthy Beginner" (an inceptor was a student formally admitted to the ranks of teachers by the university authorities). It is believed that he studied theology at the University of Oxford from 1309 to 1321, but never completed his master’s degree (the usual undergraduate degree in those times). William of Ockham joined the Franciscan order at an early age. In the Church of England, his day of commemoration is 10 April. He is commonly known for Occam’s razor, the methodological principle that bears his name, and also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology. See He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of the fourteenth century. 1287 – 1347) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.There are claims also that he was born in Ockham, Yorkshire but it is now accepted that his birth place was in Surrey.
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